Donkey trade: Challenges to sustaining mutualism in rural Pakistan

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The Pakistani government's decision to export thousands of donkeys to China to manufacture Chinese traditional medicine (ejiao) threatens the interdependence between donkeys and their keepers. This article seeks to unravel the mutualism between humans and donkeys in rural South Punjab and examines how forces of globalism and capitalism commodify the equine through parasitic disregard.

Inspirational Texts:

Celermajer, D. 2021. Summertime: Reflections on a vanishing future. Melbourne: Penguin Random House.

Bolender, K. 2020. The unnaming of Aliass. Open Access: Punctum Books.